Knowledge Base

  SEGY Format Explained Introduction SEGY is the most widely used format for storing and exchanging seismic data. Introduced in 1975 and updated in later revisions, SEGY provides a standardized structure for seismic traces, headers, and metadata. Whether you’re processing, interpreting, or managing seismic data, understanding SEGY is essential. This article breaks down the SEGY…

  Seismic Noise — Types and Mitigation Introduction Seismic data is never recorded in perfect conditions. Alongside the reflections we want, the sensors also capture unwanted energy known as seismic noise. Noise can obscure geological features, distort amplitudes, and reduce the reliability of interpretation. Understanding seismic noise — and how to mitigate it — is…

Stacking — How It Works Introduction Stacking is one of the most fundamental steps in seismic processing. It improves signal‑to‑noise ratio by summing traces recorded at different offsets. The result is a cleaner, more coherent seismic section that forms the basis for interpretation. This article explains what stacking is, why it works, and how it…

  Migration — Full Overview Introduction Migration is the heart of seismic imaging. It repositions seismic reflections into their correct subsurface locations, transforming raw, unmigrated data into a coherent geological picture. Without migration, structures appear distorted, dipping reflectors are misplaced, and faults may be misinterpreted. This article explains what migration is, how it works, and…

  Deconvolution Explained Introduction Seismic data is a blurred version of the subsurface. Every reflection is smeared by the seismic wavelet — a combination of the source signature, earth filtering, and recording system effects. Deconvolution is the process that sharpens this wavelet, improving vertical resolution and making geological boundaries easier to interpret. This article explains…

  Velocity Analysis — Full Overview Introduction Velocity analysis is the backbone of seismic processing. Accurate velocities are essential for stacking, migration, time‑depth conversion, and reservoir characterization. Without a reliable velocity model, seismic images become distorted and misleading. This article explains how velocity analysis works, why it matters, and the methods used to build accurate…

  Multiple Attenuation Explained   Introduction Multiples are one of the most persistent challenges in seismic processing. These unwanted reflections obscure true geology, reduce interpretability, and distort amplitude‑based analysis. Multiple attenuation techniques aim to suppress these artifacts while preserving primary reflections. This article explains what multiples are, why they occur, and how modern processing workflows…

Time‑Depth Conversion — A Complete Overview Introduction Seismic data is recorded in time, but the subsurface exists in depth. Bridging that gap is one of the most important steps in seismic interpretation. Time‑depth conversion (TDC) transforms seismic reflections from two‑way travel time (TWT) into true geological depth, enabling accurate structural mapping, reservoir modeling, and well…

  Pre‑Stack vs Post‑Stack Explained Introduction Seismic data exists in two major forms: pre‑stack and post‑stack. Understanding the difference is essential for interpreters, processors, and AI workflows. Each form has unique strengths and applications, and choosing the right one depends on the geological objective. This article explains what pre‑stack and post‑stack data are, how they…